MESOPOTAMIAN
RELIGION - BIBLIOGRAPHY
(compiled by Piotr Steinkeller, Jan.
1998, updated Jan. 2003)
1. General
Black, J., and A. Green, Gods,
Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia (Austin, 1992).
Bonnet, H., “On
Understanding Syncretism,” Or. NS 68 (1999) 191-98; + J. Baines, “Egyptian Syncretism: Hans
Bonnet’s Contribution,” ibid., 199-214.
Bottéro,
J., "Les Noms de Marduk, l'écriture et la 'logique' en
Mésopotamie ancienne," in Finkelstein Mem. Vol. (Hamden, CT, 1977), pp. 5-28.
-----, and
S. N. Kramer, Lorsque les dieux faisaient l'homme: Mythologie
mésopotamienne (Paris,
1989).
-----, Mesopotamia:
Writing, Reasoning, and the Gods
(Chicago, 1992).
Cavigneaux, A.,
"L'essence divine," JCS 30
(1978) 177-85.
Dalley, S., Myths from
Mesopotamia (Oxford, 1989).
Deimel, A., Pantheon
Babylonicum (Rome, 1914).
-----, Pantheon
Babylonicum, ÍL 4/1 (Rome,
1950).
Dhorme, E., and R.
Dussaud, Les religions de Babylonie et d'Assyrie; Les religions des hittites
et des hourrites, des pheniciens et des syriens (Paris, 1949).
Dijk, J. J.
A. van, "Les contacts ethniques dans la Mésopotamie et les
syncrétismes de la religion sumérienne," Scripta
Instituti Donneriani Aboensis
3 171-206.
-----,
"Sumerische Religion," in Handbuch der Religionsgeschichte, vol. 1, ed. by J. P. Asmussen and J. Laessoe
(Göttingen, 1971), pp. 431-96.
Edzard, D. O., "Die
Mythologie der Sumerer und Akkader," in Wörterbuch der Mythologie, vol. 1: Götter und Mythen im Vorderen
Orient, ed. by H. W. Haussig
(Stuttgart, 1965), pp. 17-139.
Finkelstein. J. J.,
"Bible and Babel: A Comparative Study of the Hebrew and Babylonian
Religious Spirit," in Essential Papers on Israel and the Ancient Near
East, ed. by F. E. Greenspahn (New
York, 1991), pp. 355-80.
Gelb, I. J.,
"Compound Divine Names in the Ur III Period," in Reiner AV (New
Haven, 1987), pp. 125-38.
George, A.
R., House Most High: The Temples of Ancient Mesopotamia, Mesopotamian Civilizations 5 (Winona Lake, IN,
1993).
Hallo, W.
W., "Sumerian Religion," in kinatt™utu ßa
d™arâti: Raphael Kutscher Memorial Volume, ed. by A. F. Rainey (Tel Aviv, 1993), pp. 15-36.
Jacobsen, Th.,
"Formative Tendencies in Sumerian Religion," "Mesopotamian Gods
and Pantheons," "Ancient Mesopotamian Religion: The Central
Concerns," and "Sumerian Mythology: A Review Article," in Toward
the Image of Tammuz and Other Essays on Mesopotamian History and Culture, ed. by W. L. Moran (Cambridge, MA, 1970).
-----, The
Treasures of Darkness: A History
of Mesopotamian Religion (New
Haven, 1976).
-----, The
Harps that Once ...: Sumerian Poetry in Translation (New
Haven, 1987). Rev.: W.H. Ph. Römer, BiOr 47 (1990) 376-94.
Klein, J.,
“The Sumerian me as a Concrete Object,” AOF 24 (1997) 211-18.
Kienast, B.,
"Überlegungen zum 'Pantheon Babylonicum,'" Or. NS 54 (1985) 106-16.
Kramer, S.
N., From the Poetry of Sumer: Creation, Glorification, Adoration (Berkeley, 1979).
Lambert, W.
G., "The Reign of Nebuchadnezzar I: A Turning Point in the History of
Ancient Mesopotamian Religion," in The Seed of Wisdom, ed. by W. S. McCullough (Toronto, 1964), pp. 3-13.
-----,
"Myth and Ritual as Conceived by the Babylonians," JSS 13 (1969) 104-12.
-----,
"Göttergenealogie," RLA 3 (1969) 469-70.
-----,
"History and the Gods: A Review Article," Or. NS 39 (1970) 170-77.
-----,
"Destiny and Divine Intervention in Babylon and Israel," Oudtestamentische
Studien 17 (1972) 65-72.
-----,
"Der Mythos im Alten Mesopotamien, sein Werden und Vergehen," Zeitschrift
für Religions- und Geistesgeschichte 26 (1974) 1-16.
-----,
"The Historical Development of the Mesopotamian Pantheon: A Study in
Sophisticated Polytheism," in Unity and Diversity, ed. by H. Goedicke and J. J. M. Roberts
(Baltimore, 1975), pp. 191-200.
-----,
"Old Testament Mythology in its Ancient Near Eastern Context," Supplements
to Vetus Testamentum 40 (1990)
124-43.
-----,
“Syncretism and Religious Controversy in Babylonia," AOF 24 (1997) 158-62.
Lawson, J.
N., The Concept of Fate in Ancient Mesopotamia of the First Millennium:
Toward an Understanding of ͙imtu (Wisesbaden, 1994).
Rev.: F. Reynolds, OLZ 92 (1997)
56-61; F. Rochberg, JNES 58
(1999) 54-58.
Leick, G., A
Dictionary of Ancient Near Eastern Mythology (London, 1991).
-----, Sex
and Eroticism in Mesopotamian Literature (London, 1994).
Machinist,
P., "The Question of Distinctiveness in Ancient Israel," in
Essential Papers (New York, 1991),
pp. 420-42.
Maul, S.
T., “How the Babylonians Protected Themselves against Calamities
Announced by Omens,” in Borger AV, Cuneiform Monographs 10 (Groningen, 1998), pp. 123-29.
"Mesopotamian
Mythologies" in Mythologies,
compiled by Y. Bonnefoy (Chicago, 1991).
Oppenheim,
A. L., "Why a 'Mesopotamian Religion' Should Not Be Written,"
"The Care and Feeding of the Gods," "Mesopotamian
'Psychology,'" and "The Arts of the Diviner," in Ancient
Mesopotamia: Portrait of a Dead Civilization, rev. ed. by E. Reiner (Chicago, 1977).
Pritchard,
J. B., Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament, 3rd ed. with Supplement (Princeton, 1969).
Reallexikon
der Assyriologie (Berlin, 1928-) (A
through M until now).
Reiner, E.,
Your Thwarts in Pieces, Your Mooring Rope Cut: Poetry from Babylonia and
Assyria (Ann Arbor, 1985).
Rochberg-Halton,
F., "Fate and Divination in Mesopotamia," AfO Beiheft 19 (1982) 363-71.
Römer,
W. H. Ph., "The Religion of Ancient Mesopotamia," in Historia
Religionum: Handbook for the History of Religions, vol.
1: Religions of the Past (Leiden,
1969), pp. 115-94.
Saggs, H.
W. F., The Encounter with the Divine in Mesopotamia and Israel (London, 1978).
----,
"The Divine in History," in Essential Papers (New York, 1991), pp. 17-48.
Schneider,
N., Die Götternamen von Ur III (Rome, 1939).
Steinkeller,
P. “Of Stars and Men: The Conceptual and Mythological Setup of Babylonian
Extispicy” (in press).
Tallqvist, K. L., Akkadische
Götterepitheta (Helsinki,
1938).
2. Specific Deities,
Demons and Protective Spirits
Alla/NAGAR/We: M. Krebernik, “Geschlachtete Gottheiten und
ihre Namen,” in Dietrich AV,
AOAT 281 (Münster, 2002), pp. 289-98.
Aya/Sherida: M. A. Powell, "Aia = Eos," in Sjöberg
AV (Philadelphia, 1989), pp.
447-55.
Amurru/Martu: J.-R. Kupper, L'iconographie du dieu Amurru
dans la glyptique de la Ire dynastie babylonienne (Brussels, 1961); W. H. Ph. Römer, "Zur
Sumerischen Dichtung 'Heirat des
Gottes Mardu,'" UF 21
(1989) 319-34; S. N. Kramer, "The Marriage of Martu," in Bar-Ilan
Studies in Assyriology dedicated to Pinhas Artzi, ed. by J. Klein and A. Skaist (Bar-Ilan, 1990),
pp. 11-25 (with an "Addendum" by J. Klein, ibid., pp. 25-27); J.
Klein, "Additional Notes to 'The Marriage of Martu,'" in Kutscher
Mem. Vol. (Tel Aviv, 1993), pp.
93-106; idem, “The God Martu in Sumerian Literature,” in Sumerian
Gods and their Representations, ed.
by I. L. Finkel and M. J. Geller (Groningen), pp. 99-116; W.W. Hallo,
“Two Letter-Prayers to Amurru,” in Boundaries of the Ancient
Near Eastern World: A Tribute to Cyrus H. Gordon, ed. by M. Lubetski et al., Journal for the Study
of the Old Testament, Supplement Series 273 (1998) 397-410; Th. Richter,
“Die Lesung der Götternamens AN.AN.MAR.TU,” SCCNH 9 (1998) 135-37; P.-A. Beaulieu, “The God
Amurru as Emblem of Ethnic and Cultural Identity” (in press, Leiden RAI
volume).
Antu: P.-A. Beaulieu, "Theological and Philological
Speculations on the Names of the Goddess Antu," Or. NS 64 (1995) 187-213.
Anunnaki/Igigi: A. Falkenstein, "Die Anuna in der sumerischen
Überlieferung," AS 16
(Chicago, 1966), pp. 127-40; B. Kienast, "Igigu und anunnakku nach den akkadischen Quellen," ibid., pp. 141-58.
Ashshur: G. van Driel, The Cult of Aßßur (Assen, 1969); W. G. Lambert, "The God
Aßßur," Iraq 45
(1983) 82-86; G. W. Vera Chamaza, Die Omnipotenz Aßßurs:
Entwicklungen in der Aßßur-Theologie under den Sargoniden Sargon
II, Sanherib und Asarhaddon, AOAT
295 (Münster, 2002).
Bau: H. Steible, “Die Erhöhung der
Baba,” in Römer AV,
AOAT 253 (Münster, 1998), pp. 379-95.
Bunene: F. Pomponio, “Bunene, un dio che non fece
carriera,” in Cagni MV
(Naples, 2000), pp. 887-904.
Dagan: D. Fleming, "Baal and Dagan in Ancient
Syria," ZA 83 (1993) 88-98.
Dumuzi/Tammuz: R. Kutscher, "The Cult of
Dumuzi/Tammuz," in Bar-Ilan Studies in Assyriology, ed. by J. Klein and A. Skaist (Bar-Ilan, 1990),
pp. 29-44. See also under Dumuzi Mythology.
Enki/Ea: H. D. Galter, Der Gott Ea/Enki in der
akkadischen Überlieferung,
Dissertationen der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz (Graz, 1983). See also
under Enki Mythology (5.9.2.).
Enlil: T. Jacobsen, "The lil2 of dEn-lil2," in Sjöberg AV (Philadelphia, 1989), pp. 267-76; G. J. Selz, "Enlil und Nippur
nach prasargonischen Quellen," in Nippur at the Centennial (Philadelphia, 1992), pp.189-225; P. Michalowski,
“The Unbearable Lightness of Enlil,” in Intellectual Life of the
Ancient Near East, RAI 43 (Prague),
pp. 237-47. See also under Enlil Mythology (5.9.6.).
Gatumdug: H. Steible, "Die Beziehungen zwischen Gatumdu
und Inanna im Spiegel der Bauinschriften der Lagaß-I und -II-Zeit,"
in Sjöberg AV
(Philadelphia, 1989), pp. 507-13.
Geshtinana: F. Carroué, "Geßtinanna à
Lagaß," Or. NS 50
(1981) 121-36. See also under Dumuzi Mythology.
Gibil/Gira: C. Walker, "The Myth of Gira and
Elamatum," AnSt 33 (1983)
145-52; P. Michalowski, "The Torch and the Censer," in Hallo AV (Bethesda, 1993), pp. 152-62; G. Conti, “A
proposito di Gibil, dio del fuoco,” in Cagni MV (Naples, 2000), pp. 125-34.
Gula/Ninisina/Nintinuga/Ninkarak/Bau: W. H. Ph. Römer, "Einige Beobachtungen
zur Göttin Ninin(n)sina auf Grund von Quellen der Ur III-Zeit und der
altbabylonischen Periode," in AOAT 1 (Neukirchen-Vluyn,
1969), pp. 279-305; H. Avalos, Illness and Health Care in the Ancient Near
East:Tthe Role of the Temple in
Greece, Mesopotamia, and Israel,
HSS Monographs 54 (Atlanta, 1995), pp. 99-231, chapt. 2: "The Temples of
Gula/Ninisina."
Haia: H. Steible, Ein Lied an den Gott Haja mit Bitte
fur den Konig Rimsin von Larsa (Freiburg,
1967).
Hendursanga: D. O. Edzard and C. Wilcke, "Die
Hendursanga-Hymne," in Kramer AV (Neukirchen-Vluyn, 1976), pp. 139-76.
Ilaba: W. G. Lambert, "Old Akkadian Ilaba = Ugaritic
Ilib?," UF 13 (1981)
299-301; B. Kienast, Or. NS 59
(1990) 203.
Inanna/Ninsiana/Ishtar: W. G. Lambert, "The Cult of Ißtar of
Babylon," in Le temple et le culte (Leiden, 1975), pp. 104-06; W. Heimpel, "A Catalog of Near
Eastern Venus Deities," Syro-Mesopotamian Studies 4/3
(1972) 59-72; F. Bruschweiler, Inanna: La déesse triomphante
et vaincue dans la cosmologie sumérienne (Leuven, 1987); K. Szarzynska, "The Sumerian
Goddess Inana-kur," in Papers on Asia Past and Present, ed. by M. Mejor et al., Orientalia Varsoviensia 1
(Warsaw, 1987), pp. 7-14; J.-J. Glassner, "Inanna et les me," in Nippur
at the Centennial (Philadelphia,
1992), pp. 55-86; A. Zgoll, “Inana als nugig,” ZA 87
(1997) 181-95; J. van Dijk, “Inanna raubt den ‘grossen
Himmel’: Ein Mythos,” in Borger AV, Cuneiform Monographs 10 (Groningen, 1998), pp.
9-38; A. Zgoll, “Inana als nugig,” ZA 87 (1997) 181-95; G. J. Selz, “Five Divine Ladies: Thoughts on
Inana(k), Ißtar, In(n)in(a), Annun™itum, and Anat, and the Origin
of the Title ‘Queen of Heaven,’” NIN 1 (2000) 29-62.
Ishkur/Adad:
A. Vanel, L'iconographie du dieu
de l'orage dans le Proche-Orient ancien jusqu'au VIIe siècle avant J.-C.
(Paris, 1965); D. Schwemer, Die
Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens und Nordsyriens im Zeitalter der
Keilschriftkulturen (Wiesbaden,
2001); Alberto R. W. Green, The Storm-God in the Ancient Near East, Biblical and Judaic Studies 8 (Winona Lake, 2003).
Ishhara: D. Prechel, Die Göttin Iß˙ara: Ein Beitrag zur
altorientalischen Religionsgeschichte,
Abhandlungen zur Literatur Alt-Syrien-Palästinas und Mesopotamiens 11
(Münster, 1996).
Ishtaran: F. A. M. Wiggerman, “Transtigridian Snake
Gods,” in Sumerian Gods and their Representations, ed. by I. L. Finkel and M. J. Geller (Groningen),
pp. 33-55.
Isumud: P. Calmeyer, "Ussumû," in Boehmer
Festschrift, ed. U. Finkbeiner et
al. (Mainz, 1995), pp. 49-51.
Kusu: P. Michalowski, "The Torch and the
Censer," in Hallo AV
(Bethesda, 1993), pp. 152-62.
Lahmu: W. G. Lambert, "The Pair Lahmu-Lahamu in
Cosmology," Or. NS 54
(1985) xx; F. A. M. Wiggermann, "Exit talim!: Studies in Babylonian Demonology, I," JEOL
27 (1981-82) 90-105; E. Porada,
"On the Origins of the Aquarius," in Reiner AV (New Haven, 1987), pp. 279-91; “Antropomorphic
and Bovine Lahmus (with an Appendix by Sh. Macgregor),” in Römer
AV, AOAT 253 (Münster, 1998),
pp. 129-56.
Lama: A. Spycket, "La déesse Lama," RA 54 (1960) 7-84.
Lamashtu: W. Farber, "Tamarisken-Fibeln-Skolpender: Zur
philologischen Deutung der 'Reiseszene' auf neuassyrischen
Lamaßtu-Amuletten," in Reiner AV (New Haven, 1987), pp. 85-105; idem,
"ißtu api ilâma ez™ezu ezzet: Ein bedeutsammes neues
Lamaßtu-Amulett," in Röllig
AV = AOAT 1997 (Neukirchen-Vluyn,
1997), pp.115-28.
Marduk: W. Sommerfeld, Der Aufstieg Marduks: Die
Stellung Marduks in der babylonischen Religion des zweiten Jahrtausends v.
Chr., AOAT 213 (Neukirchen-Vluyn,
1982). W. G. Lambert, "Studies in Marduk," BSOAS 47 (1984) 1-9; A. R. George, "Marduk and the
Cult of the Gods of Nippur at Babylon," Or. NS 66 (1997) 65-70.
Nabû: Pomponio, F., Nabû, Studi Semitici 51 (Rome, 1978); B. N. Porter,
"What the Assyrians Thought the Babylonians Thought about the Relative
Status of Nabû and Marduk in the Late Assyrian Period," in Assyria
1995, ed. by S. Parpola nd R. M.
Whiting (Helsinki, 1997), pp. 253-60.
Nanaya: J. G. Westenholz, "Nanaya: Lady of
Mystery," in Sumerian Gods and their Representations, ed. by I. L. Finkel and M. J. Geller (Groningen),
pp. 57-84; G. Pettinato, “Lipit-Eßtar e la dea Nanaja,” in Römer
AV, AOAT 253 (Münster, 1998),
pp. 267-79; D. T. Potts, “Nana in Bactria,” Journal of the
Institute of Silk Road Studies 7
(2001) 23-35.
Nanna/Suen: A. W. Sjöberg, Der Mondgott Nanna-Suen in
der sumerischen Überlieferung (Stockholm,
1960; M. G. Hall, A Study of the Sumerian Moon-God, Nanna/Suen (Univ. of Pennsylvania Diss., 1985); G. delO. Lete,
"Yarhu y Nikkalu: La mitologia lunar sumeria en Ugarit," Aula
Orientalis 9 (1991) 67-75; D.
Collon, "The Near Eastern Moon God," in Natural Phenomena: Their
Meaning, Depiction and Description in the Ancient Near East, ed. by D. J. W. Meijer (Amsterdam, 1992), pp.
19-37; M. Stol, "The Moon as Seen by the Babylonians," ibid., pp.
245-76; Braun-Holzinger, E. A., "Die Ikonographie des Mondgottes in der
Glyptik des III. Jahrtausends v. Chr.," ZA 83 (1993) 119-35; M. E. Cohen, "The Sun, the
Moon, and the City of Ur," in Religion and Politics in the Ancient Near
East, ed. by A. Berlin (Maryland,
1996), pp. 7-20; G. Colbow, “More Insights into Representations of the
Moon God in the Third and Second Millennium B.C.,” in Sumerian Gods
and their Representations, ed. by
I. L. Finkel and M. J. Geller (Groningen, 1997), pp.19-31; G. Theuer, Der
Mondgott in den Religionen Syrien-Palestinas unter besonderer
Berücksichtigung von KTU 1.24,
Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 173 (Fribourg, 2000); J. Klein, “The
Genealogy of Nanna-Suen and its Historical Background,” in Historiography
in the Cuneiform World, ed. by T.
Abusch et al., RAI 45 (Bethesda, 2001), pp. 279-301.
Nanshe: W. Heimpel, "The Nanshe Hymn," JCS 33 (1981) 65-139.
Nergal/Erra/Meslamtaea/Lugal-erra: E. von Weiher, Der babylonische Gott Nergal, AOAT 11 (Neukirchen-Vluyn, 1971); W. G. Lambert,
"Studies in Nergal," BiOr
30 (1973) 355-63; A. Green, "The Iconography of Meslamtaea," RA 82 (1988) 173-75; M. A. Dandamayev,
“Documentary Evidence on Nergal’s Cult in Sippar and Babylon in the
Sixth Century B.C.,” in Renger AV, AOAT 267 (Münster, 1999), pp. 109-16.
Ninazu: T. Kobayashi, "On Ninazu, as Seen in the
Economic Texts of the Early Dynastic Lagaß (1)," Orient 28 (1992) 75-105.
Nindara: M. Civil, "The Statue of Íulgi-ki-ur5-sag9-kalam-ma,
Part One: The Inscription," in Sjöberg AV (Philadelphia, 1989), pp. 49-64.
Ninegala: H. Behrens, Die Ninegalla-Hymne, FAOS 21 (Stuttgart, 1998).
Ningirima: M. Krebernik, Die Beschwörungen aus Fara
und Ebla (Hildesheim, 1984), pp.
233-62.
Ningishzida:
Th. Jacobsen and B. Alster,
“Ningißzida’s Boat-Ride to Hades,” Lambert AV (Winona Lake, 2000), pp. 315-44.
Ninimma: K. Focke, “Die Göttin Nn-imma,” ZA
88 (1988) 196-224.
Ninkasi: M. Civil, "A Hymn to the Beer Goddess and A
Drinking Song," in Studies Oppenheim (Chicago, 1964), pp. 67-89.
Ninkilin: Krebernik, Beschwörungen, pp. 287-97.
Nintu: T. Jacobsen, "Notes on Nintur," Or. NS 42 (1973) 274-98.
Ninurta/Ningirsu: See under Ninurta Mythology.
Nirah/Irhan: G. J. P. McEwan, "dMUÍ and Related Matters," Or. NA 52 (1983) 215-29.
Nisaba: G. J. Selz, "Nissaba(k): 'Die Herrin der
Getreidezuteilungen," in Sjöberg AV (Philadelphia, 1989), pp. 491-97.
Numushda: H. Sauren, "Hymne an Numußda," ZDMG Suppl. III/1 (1975) 76-99.
Nungal: A. W. Sjöberg, "Nungal in the
Ekur," AfO 24 (1973) 19-46;
M. Civil, "On Mesopotamian Jails and Their Lady Warden," in Hallo AV (Bethesda, 1993), pp. 72-78.
Pazuzu: R. Borger, "Pazuzu," in Reiner AV (New Haven, 1987), pp. 15-32.
Shakkan: W. G. Lambert, "The Reading of the Divine
Name Íakkan," Or.
NS 55 (1986) 152-58.
Shulutul: G. J. Selz, "Íulutul or
Íulluhßa?: A Note on the God of Ur-Nanße's Family," RA 83 (1989) 7-12.
Tishpak: F. A. M. Wiggerman, “Transtigiridian Snake
Gods," in Sumerian Gods and their Representations, ed. by I. L. Finkel and M. J. Geller (Groningen),
pp. 33-55.
Utu/Shamash: G. R. Castellino, "Incantation to Utu," OA
8 (1969) 1-57; W. Heimpel, “The
Sun at Night and the Doors of Heaven in Babylonian Texts,” JCS 38 (1986) 127-51; P. Steinkeller, “Of Stars
and Men: The Conceptual and Mythological Setup of Babylonian Extispicy”
(in press).
Agricultural
Gods: W. L. Lambert, “Patron
Gods of Agriculture in the Sumero-Babylonian Pantheon?,” in Landwirtschaft
im Alten Orient, BBVO 18 (Berlin,
1999), pp. 355-59.
Various
Demons and Protective Spirits: R.
S. Ellis, "'Lion-Men' in Assyria," in Finkelstein Mem. Vol. (Hamden, CT, 1977), pp. 67-78; A. Green,
"Neo-Assyrian Apotropaic Figures," Iraq 45 (1983) 87-96; idem, "A Note on the
'Scorpion-man' and Pazuzu," Iraq 47 (1985) 75-82.; idem,"A Note on the Assyrian 'Goat-fish,'
'Fish-man' and 'Fish-woman,'" Iraq 48 (1986) 26-30; idem, "The Lion-demon in the Art of Mesopotamia
and Neighboring Regions," Baghdader Mitteilungen 17 (1986) 141ff.; idem, "A Note on the
"Lion-demon," Iraq 50
(1988) 167-68; idem, "Mischwesen. B. Archäologie," RLA 8 (1994) 246-64; F. A. M. Wiggermann, Mesopotamian Protective
Spirits: The Ritual Texts (Groningen,
1992); idem, "Mischwesen. A. Philologisch," RLA 8 (1994) 222-46; J. Curtis,
"'Stützfiguren' in Mesopotamia," in Boehmer Festschrift (Mainz, 1995), pp. 77-86; E. Ehrenberg, "Der uridimmu und seine Symbolstandarten," in Boehmer
Festschrift (Mainz, 1995), pp.
103-05; M.-L. Thomsen, “The Identity of the Lion-Man,” in Cagni
AV (Naples, 2000), pp. 1049-63.
See also under Hymns (5.3.), Prayers (5.4.),
Hymns to Temples (5.7.) and RLA s.v.
3.
Specific Pantheons
Early
Smerian Pantheons: J.-J. Glassner, “Triades
archaïques dans les panthéons sumériens,” in Renger
AV, AOAT 267 (Münster, 1999),
pp. 161-67.
Lagash
Pantheon: A. Falkenstein, Die
Inschriften Gudeas von Lagaß (Rome,
1966); G. J. Selz, "Studies in Early Syncretism: The Development of the
Pantheon of Lagaß - Examples for Inner-Sumerian Syncretism," ASJ 12 (1990) 111-42; idem, Untersuchungen zur
Götterwelt des altsumerischen Staates von Lagaß (Philadelphia, 1995).
Nippur
Pantheon: Marcos Such, Beiträge
zum Pantheon von Nippur im 3. Jahrtausend (Heidelberg Univ. PhD Diss., 1999).
Mari
Pantheon: W. G. Lambert, "The
Pantheon of Mari," MARI 4
(1985) 525-39.
Old
Akkadian Pantheon: J.
Bottéro, "Les divinités sémitiques anciennes en
Mésopotamie," in La antiche divinità semitiche, ed. by S. Moscati, Studi Semitici 1 (Rome, 1958),
pp. 17-63; J. J. M. Roberts, The Earliest Semitic Pantheon: A Study of the
Semitic Deities Attested in Mesopotamia Before Ur III (Baltimore, 1972); Rev.: A. Westenholz, JNES 34 (1975) 288-93; A. Westenholz, "The Earliest
Akkadian Religion," Or. NS
45 (1976) 215-16.
Old
Assyrian Pantheon: H. Hirsch, Untersuchungen
zur altassyrischen Religion, AfO
Beiheft 13/14 (Graz, 1961).
Old
Babylonian Pantheon: Th. Richter, Untersuchungen
zu den Lokalen Panthea Süd-
und Mittelbabyloniens in altbabylonischer Zeit, AOAT 257 (Münster, 1999).
Larsa
Pantheon: D. Arnaud, “Le
panthéon de l’Ebabbar de Larsa à l’époque
paléo-babylonienne,” Huot
AV (Paris, 2001) 21-32.
Sippar
Pantheon: J. Myers, The Pantheon
of Sippar: A Diachronic Study (Unpubl.
PhD Diss., Harvard University, 2002).
1st Mil.
Pantheon of Uruk: P.-A. Beaulieu,
"Antiquarian Theology in Seleucid Uruk," ASJ 14 (1992) 47-75.
Hurro-Mesopotamian
Pantheon: W. G. Lambert, "The
Mesopotamian Background of the Hurrian Pantheon," RHA 36 (1978) 129-34.
Ebla
Pantheon: A. Archi, "How a
Pantheon Forms: The Cases of Hattian-Hittite Anatolia and Ebla of the 3rd
Millennium B.C.," in Religionsgeschichtliche Beziehungen zwischen
Kleinasien, Nordsyrien und dem
Alten Testament, ed. by B.
Janowski et al., Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 129 (Freiburg Schweiz, 1993), pp.
1-18; idem, "Studies in the
Pantheon of Ebla," Or. NS
63 (1994) 249-56; F. Pomponio and P. Xella, Les dieux d'Ebla: Étude
analytique des divinités éblaïtes à l'époque
des archives royales du IIIe millénaire, AOAT 245 (Münster, 1997).
Syria-Anatolia: W. G. Lambert, "Trees, Snakes and Gods in
Ancient Syria and Anatolia," BSOAS 48 (1985) 435-51.
Syria-Palestine: L. K. Handy, Among the Host of Heaven: The
Syro-Palestinian Pantheon as Bureaucracy (Winona Lake, IN, 1994).
4.
Goddesses
4.1.
Goddesses in the Sumero-Babylonian Pantheon
Lambert, W.
G., "Goddesses in the Pantheon: A Reflection of Women in Society?,"
in La Femme dans le Proche-Orient Antique (Paris, 1987), pp. 125-30.
Limet, H.,
"Les déesses sumériennes: Femmes modèles,
modèles de femmes," Acta Orientalia Belgica 7 (1992) 131-45.
Westenholz,
J. G., “Goddesses of the Ancient Near East 3000-1000 BC,” in Ancient
Goddesses: The Myths and the Evidence,
ed. by L. Goodison and Ch. Morris (London, 1998), pp. 63-82.
4.2.
Goddesses in General
Brubaker,
R. L, "The Untamded Goddesses of Village India," in The Book of
the Goddess: Past and Present, ed.
by C. Olson (New York, 1994), pp. 145-60.
Goodison,
L., and Ch. Morris, Ancient Goddesses: The Myths and the Evidence (London, 1998).
Hutton.,
R., "The Neolithic Great Goddess: A Study in Modern Tradition," Antiquity
71 (1997) 91-99.
Kinsley D.,
Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious
Tradition (Berkeley, 1986) - esp.
pp. 197-211 chapter 13, "Village Goddesses."
Loraux, N.,
"What is a Goddess?," in A History of Women in the West, vol. I. From Ancient Goddesses to Christian Saints, ed. by P. S. Pantel (Cambridge, MA, 1993), pp. 11-44.
Meskel, L.,
"Goddesses, Gimbutas and 'New Age' Archaeology," Antiquity 69 (1995) 74-86.
Motz, L., The
Faces of the Goddess (New York,
1997).
Pintchman
T., The Rise of the Goddesses in the Hindu Tradition (Albany, 1994).
D. R. West,
Some Cults of Greek Goddesses and Feamle Daemons of Oriental Origin, AOAT 233 (Neukirchen-Vluyn, 1995).
Viewpoint:
"Can We Interpret Figurines?" (various authors), Cambridge
Archaeological Journal 6 (1996)
281-30.
5. Textual Evidence
5.1. Personal Names
Di Vito, R.
A., Studies in Third Millennium Sumerian and Akkadian Personal Names: The
Designation and Conception of the Personal God, Studia Pohl SM 16 (Rome, 1993).
Limet, H., L'anthroponymie
sumérienne dans les documents de la 3e dynastie d'Ur (Paris, 1968).
Stamm, J. J., Die
akkadische Namengebung (Leipzig,
1939).
Stol, M., "Old
Babylonian Personal Names," Studi Epigrafici e Linguistici 8 (1991) 191-212.
5.2. God Lists
Alberti,
A., "A Reconstruction of the Abu Salabikh God-List," SEL 2 (1985) 3-23.
Genouillac,
de H., "Grande liste de noms divins sumériens," RA 20 (1923) 89-106.
Jean, Ch.-F., "Noms
divins sumériens," RA
28 (1931) 179-94.
Krebernik, M., "Die
Götterlisten aus Fara," ZA 76 (1986) 161-204.
Lambert, W. G.,
"Götterlisten," RLA
3 (1969) 473-79.
Litke, R.
L., A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, An: dA-nu-um and An:Anu ßa am™eli (New Haven, 1998).
Mander, P., Il pantheon
di Abu-Salabikh (Naples, 1986).
Weidner, E.
F., "Altbabylonische Götterlisten," AfK 2 (1924-25) 1-18, 71-82.
5.3. Hymns to Deities
Alster, B.,
and U. Jeyes, "Two Utu Hymns and a Copy of a Royal Inscription," ASJ
12 (1990) 1-14.
Attinger,
P., “Inana et Ebi˙,” ZA 88 (1998) 164-95.
Edzard, D.
O., "Sumerische und akkadische Hymnen," in Hymnen der Alten Welt
im Kulturvergleich, ed. by W.
Burkert and F. Stolz, Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 131 (Freiburg Schweiz,
1994), pp. 19-32.
Falkenstein,
A., and J. J. A. van Dijk, Sumerische Götterlieder, 2 parts (Heidelberg, 1959-60).
Falkenstein,
A., and W. von Soden, Sumerische und akkadische Hymnen und Gebete (Zurich, 1953).
Groneberg,
B. R. M., Lob der Ißtar: Gebet und Ritual an die altbabylonische
Venusgöttin, Cuneiform
Monographs 8 (Groningen, 1997).
Hall, M.
G., "A Hymn to the Moon God
Nanna," JCS 38
(1986) 152-66.
Hallo, W.
W., "The Cultic Setting of Sumerian Poetry," in CRRA 17, ed. by A. Finet (Ham-Sur-Heure, 1970), pp.
123-33 (Nisaba Hymn).
-----, and
J. J. A. van Dijk, The Exaltation of Inanna (New Haven, 1968).
Heimpel,
W., "The Nanshe Hymn," JCS 33 (1981) 65-139. Translation in Jacobsen, Harps, pp. 125-42.
Lambert, W.
G., "The Gula Hymn of Bullu†sa-rabi," Or. NS 36 (1967) 105-32.
-----,
"A Babylonian Prayer to Anuna," in Sjöberg AV (Philadelphia, 1989), pp. 321-36.
Reiner, E.,
"A Sumero-Akkadian Hymn of Nana," JNES 33 (1974) 221-36.
-----, "A Hymn to the
Sun," in Thwarts, pp.
68-84.
-----, and
H. G. Güterbock, "The Great Prayer to Ishtar and its Two Versions
from Boghazkoy," JCS 21
(1967) 255-66.
Riesman, D.
D. Two Neo-Sumerian Royal Hymns
(Univ. of Pennsylvania Diss., 1969). "Hymn to Enlil" - translation in
Jacobsen, Harps, pp. 101-11.
-----,
"Iddin-Dagan's Sacred Marriage Hymn," JCS 25 (1973) 185-202. Translation in Jacobsen, Harps, pp. 112-24.
Römer,
W. H. Ph., "Eine sumerische Hymne mit Selbstlob Inannas," Or. NS 38 (1969) 97-114.
Seux,
M.-J., Hymnes and prières aux dieux de Babylonie et d'Assyrie (Paris, 1976).
Sjöberg,
A. W., "In-nin ßà-gur4-ra;
A Hymn to the Goddess Inanna by the en-Priestess En˙eduanna," ZA 65 (1975) 161-253.
-----,
"A Hymn to Inanna and Her Self Praise," JCS 40 (1988) 165-86.
Zgoll, A.,
"Der Rechtsfall der En-˙edu-Ana im Lied nin-me-ßara," AOAT
246 (Münster, 1997).
See also under Specific
Deities (2.).
5.4.
Prayers and Laments to Deities (adab, balag, ershema, ershahunga, shirnamshuba,
shuila, etc.)
Abusch, T.
I., "The Form and Meaning of a Babylonian Prayer to Marduk," JAOS 103 (1983) 3-15 (a shuila).
Alster, B.,
"edin-na ú-sag-gá: Reconstruction, History, and Interpretation
of a Sumerian Cultic Lament," in Keilschriftliche Literaturen, CRRA 32, ed. by K. Hecker and W. Sommerfeld
(Berlin, 1986), pp. 19-31.
Behrens,
H., "CBS 6894: Ein Erßemma fur Dumuzi?," in Sjöberg AV (Philadelphia, 1989), pp. 29-31.
Black, J.
A., "A-ße-er Gi6-ta, a
Balag of Inana," ASJ 7
(1985) 11-87.
-----, "Sumerian Balag Compositions," BiOr 44 (1987) 31-79.
-----,
"Eme-sal Cult Songs and Prayers," Aula Orientalis. 9 (1991) 23-36.
Böck,
B., "'Wenn du zu Nintinuga gesprochen hast, …': Untersuchungen zu
Aufbau, Inhalt, Sitz-im-Leben und Funktion sumerischer Gottesbriefe," AOF
23 (1996) 3-23.
Civil, J.,
"The 10th Tablet of uru am-ma-ir-ra-bi," Aula Orientalis 1 (1983) 45-54.
Cohen, M.
E., Balag-Compositions: Sumerian Lamentation Liturgies of the Second and
First Millennium B.C., SANE 1/2
(Malibu, CA, 1974).
-----,
"The Incantation Hymn: Incantation or Hymn?," JAOS 95 (1975) 592-611 (shirnamshuba).
-----,
"ur.sag.me.ßar.ur4: A
ßirnamßubba of Ninurta," WO 8 (1975-76) 22-36.
-----, Sumerian
Hymnology: The Erßemma,
Hebrew Union College Annual Supplements 2 (Cincinnati, 1981). Rev.: B. Alster, BiOr 40 (1983) 90-91.
-----, The
Canonical Lamentations of Ancient Mesopotamia, 2 vols. (Potomac, 1988).
-----,
"A Bilingual Íuilla to Ningeßtinanna," in Sjöberg
AV (Philadelphia, 1989), pp. 79-85.
Cooper, J.
S., "Warrior, Devastating
Deluge, Destroyer of Hostile Lands: A Sumerian Íuila to Marduk," in
Sachs Mem. Vol. (Philadelphia,
1988), pp. 83-93.
Hallo, W.
W., "Individual Prayer in Sumerian: The Continuity of a Tradition," JAOS
53 (1968) 71-89.
Kramer, S.
N., "The GIR5 and the
ki-sikil," in Finkelstein Mem. Vol. (Hamden, CT, 1977), pp. 139-42 (ershema).
-----,
"Inanna and the numun-Plant:
A New Sumerian Myth," in The Biblical World: Essays in Honor of C. H.
Gordon (New York, 1980), pp. 87-97
(ershema).
-----,
"BM 29616 - The Fashioning of the gala," ASJ 3 (1981) 1-11 (balag).
-----,
"Lisin, the Weeping Goddess," in Kraus AV (Leiden, 1982), pp. 133-44 (ershema?).
-----,
"A Sumerian Prototype of the Mater Dolorosa," Eretz-Israel 16 (1982) 141-46 (ershema).
-----,
"BM 86535: A Large Extract of a Diversified Balag-Composition," Miscellanea
Babylonica (Paris, 1985).
-----,
"Bread for Enlil, Sex for Inana," Or. NS 54 (1985) 117-32 (ershema).
-----,
"BM 96679: A New Inanna Irßemma," Sachs Mem. Vol. (Philadelphia, 1988), pp. 243-50.
-----,
"BM 100042: A Hymn to Íu-Sin and an Adab of Nergal," Sjöberg
AV (Philadelphia, 1989), pp.
303-16.
-----,
"BM 96927: A Prime Example of Ancient Scribal Redaction," in Moran
AV (Atlanta, 1990), pp. 251-69
(ershemas).
Krecher, J., Sumerische
Kultlyrik (Wiesbaden, 1966).
Kutscher,
R., Oh Angry Sea (a-ab-ba hu-luh-ha): The History of a Sumerian
Congregational Lament (New Haven,
1975).
Maul, S. 'Herzberuhigungsklagen':
Die sumerisch-akkadischen
Erßa˙unga-Gebete
(Wiesbaden, 1988).
Michalowski,
P., "On the Early History of the erßhahunga Prayer," JCS 39 (1987) 37-48.
Römer,
W. H. Ph., "Sumerische Hymnen: Ein ér-ßem-ma-Lied fur den
Gott Ißkur von Karkar," in Kraus AV (Leiden, 1982), pp. 298-317.
-----, "Sumerische
Emesallieder," BiOr 40
(1983) 566-92.
Volk, K., Die
Bala©-Komposition úru àm-ma-ir-ra-bi, FAOS 18 (Stuttgart, 1989).
See also
under Specific Deities (2.).
5.5. Hymns to Deified
Kings
Flückiger-Hawker, E.,
Urnamma of Ur in Sumerian Literary Tradition, Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 166 (Fribourg, 1999).
Hallo, W.
W., "New Hymns to the Kings of Isin," BiOr 23 (1966) 239-47.
Klein, J., Three
Íulgi Hymns: Sumerian Royal Hymns Glorifying King Íulgi of Ur (Ramat-Gan, 1981). Rev. D. R. Frayne, BiOr 40 (1983) 92-101.
Ludwig,
M.-Ch., Untersuchungen zu den Hymnen des Ißme-Dagan von Isin (Wiesbaden, 1990).
Römer,
W. H. Ph., Sumerische "Königshymnen" der Isin-Zeit (Leiden, 1965).
5.6.
Temple Names / Lists
Edzard,
"The Names of the Sumerian Temples," in Sumerian Gods and Their
Representations (Groningen, 1997)
159-65.
George, A.
R., House Most High (see under
1.).
5.7. Hymns to Temples
"Hymns
to Eninnu" (Gudea Cylinders A and B). Translation in Jacobsen, Harps, pp. 386-444.
"Hymn to Kesh."
Translation in Jacobsen, Harps,
pp. 377-85.
Biggs, R.
D., "An Archaic Sumerian Version of the Kesh Temple Hymn from Tell Abu
Salabikh," ZA 61 (1971)
193-207.
-----, Inscriptions
from Tell Abu Salabikh, OIP 99
(Chicago, 1974), pp. pp. 45-56 (temple "hymns"). Rev.: W. G. Lambert,
BSOAS 39 (1976) 428-33.
Gragg, G.
B. in Sjöberg and Bergmann, Temple Hymns, pp. 155-88: ("Hymn to Kesh").
Klein, J.,
"Building and Dedication Hymns in Sumerian Literature," ASJ 11 (1989) 26-67.
Kramer, S. N, "Hymn
to the Ekur," RSO 32 (1957)
95-102.
-----,
"Keß and Its fate: Laments, Blessings, Omens," Gratz College
Anniversary Volume (Philadelphia,
1971), pp. 165-75.
Moran, W.
L., "The Keß Temple Hymn and the Canonical Temple List," Kramer
AV (Neukirchen-Vluyn, 1976), pp.
335-42.
Sjöberg,
A. W. and E. Bergmann, The Collection of the Sumerian Temple Hymns, TCS 3 (Locust Valley, NY, 1969).
5.8. City and Temple
Laments
"Lament
over the Destruction of Ur." Translation in Jacobsen, Harps, pp. 447-74.
Cooper, S.
J. The Curse of Agade
(Baltimore, 1983). Translation in Jacobsen, Harps, pp. 359-74.
Gwaltney,
W. C. Jr., "The Biblical Book of Lamentations in the Context of Near
Eastern Lament Literature," in Scripture in Context II, ed. by W. W. Hallo et al. (Winona lake, IN), pp.
191-211.
Green, M. W., "The
Eridu Lament," JCS 30
(1978) 127-67.
-----, "The Uruk
Lament," JAOS 104 (1984)
253-79.
Kramer, S.
N., Lamentation over the Destruction of Ur, AS 12 (Chicago, 1940).
-----,
"Lamentation over the Destruction of Nippur," ASJ 13 (1991) 1-26.
Michalowski,
P., The Lamentation over the Destruction of Sumer and Ur, Mesopotamian Civilizations 1 (Winona Lake, IN,
1989).
Tinney,
Steve, The Nippur Lament
(Philadelphia, 1996).
5.9. Mythologies
5.9.1. Earliest Mythology
Alster, B.,
"On the Earliest Sumerian Literary Tradition," JCS 28 (1976) 109-26.
-----, and
A. Westenholz, "The Barton Cylinder," ASJ 16 (1994) 15-46.
Biggs, R.
B., Inscriptions from Tell Abu Salabikh, OIP 99 (Chicago, 1974).
Jacobsen, T., "Lugalbanda
and Ninsuna," JCS 41 (1989)
69-86.
Krebernik, M.,
"Mesopotamian Myths at Ebla: ARET 5, 6 and ARET 5, 7," Quaderni di
Semitistica 18 (1992) 63-149.
Lambert, W.
G., "Notes on a Work of the Most Ancient Semitic Literature," JCS 41 (1989) 1-33.
-----,
"The Language of ARET V 6 and 7," Quaderni di Semitistica 18 (1992) 41-62.
Steinkeller,
P., "Early Semitic Literature and Third Millennium Seals with Mythological
Motifs," Quaderni do Semitistica 18 (1992) 243-75.
5.9.2. Enki Mythology
"Enki
and Ninhursag." Translation in Jacobsen, Harps, pp. 181-204.
"Enki and
Ninmah." Translation in Jacobsen, Harps, pp. 151-66.
"Atrahasis."
Translation in Dalley, Myths,
pp. 1-38.
Alster, B.,
"On the Interpretation of the Sumerian Myth 'Inanna and Enki,'" ZA 64 (1975) 20-34.
-----,
"Enki and Ninhursag: The Creation of the First Woman," UF 10 (1978) 15-27.
-----,
"Dilmun, Bahrain, and the Alleged Paradise in Sumerian Myth and
Literature," in Dilmun: New Studies in the Archaeology and Early
History of Bahrain, ed. by D. T.
Potts (Berlin, 1983), pp. 39-74.
Attinger, P., "Enki
et Ninhursaga," ZA 74
(1984) 1-52.
Bernhardt,
I. and S. N. Kramer, "Enki und die Weltordnung," Wissenschaftliche
Zeitschrift der Friedrich-Schiller Universität Jena, Gesellschafts- und
Sprachwissenschaftliche Reihe 9,
1/2 (1959-60) 231-56.
Benito, C.
E. "Enki and Ninmah" and "Enki and the World Order" (Univ. of Pennsylvania Diss., 1969).
Cooper, S.
J., "Enki's Member: Eros and Irrigation in Sumerian Literature," in Sjöberg
AV (Philadelphia, 1989), pp. 87-89.
Farber-Flügge,
G., Der Mythos 'Inanna und Enki' mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der
Liste der me (Rome, 1973).
Foster, B.
R., "Ea and Saltu," in Finkelstein
Mem. Vol. (Hamden, CT, 1977), pp.
79-84.
Groneberg,
B., "Atramhasis, Tafel II iv-v," in Mélanges P. Garelli (Paris, 1991), pp. 397-409.
Hallo, W.
W., "Enki and the Theology of Eridu," JAOS 116 (1996) 231-34.
Jacobsen,
T., "The Descent of Enki," in Hallo AV (Bethesda, 1993), pp. 120-23.
Kikawada,
I. M., "The Double Creation of Mankind in Enki and Ninmah, Atrahasis I 1-351, and Genesis 1-2,"
Iraq 55 (1982) 43-45.
Kilmer, A.
D., "Speculations on Umul, the First Baby," in Kramer AV (1976), pp. 265-70.
Kramer, S.
N., "Enki and his Inferiority Complex," Or. NS 39 (1970) 103-10.
-----, and
J. Maier, Myths of Enki, the Crafty God (Oxford, 1989).
Lambert, W.
G., "Three New Pieces of Atra-hasis," in Mélanges P.
Garelli (Paris, 1991), pp. 411-13.
-----,
"Another Trick of Enki?," in Mélanges P. Garelli (Paris, 1991), pp. 415-19.
-----,
"The Relationship of Sumerian and Akkadian Myth as seen in Accounts of
Creation," in La circulation des biens, des personnes et des
idées dans le Proche-Orient Ancien, CRAA 38 (Paris,
1992), pp.129-35.
-----, and
A. R. Millard, Atra-˙asís: The Babylonian Story of the Flood (Oxford, 1976).
Limet, H.,
"Les fantaisies du dieu Enki: Essai sur les techniques de la narration
dans les mythes," in Sjöberg AV (Philadelphia, 1989), pp. 357-65.
Mayer, W.
R., "Ein Mythos von der Erschaffung des Menschen und des Königs,"
Or. NS 56 (1987) 55-68.
Moran, W.
L., "Some Considerations of Form and Interpretation in Atra-hasis," in Reiner AV (New Haven, 1987), pp. 245-55.
Pettinato,
G., Das altorientalische Menschenbild und die sumerischen und akkadischen
Schöpfungsmythen (Heidelberg,
1971).
Sauern, H.,
"Nammu and Enki," in Hallo AV (Bethesda, 1993), pp. 198-203.
H. L. J.
Vanstiphout, “Why did Enki Organize the World?,” in Sumerian
Gods and their Representations, ed.
by I. L. Finkel and M. J. Geller (Groningen), pp. 117-34.
Vogelsang,
M. E., "The Cunning of Ea and the Threat to Order," JEOL 31 (1989-90) 66-76.
See also
under Ninurta Mythology (5.9.3.)
and "Adapa" (5.9.9).
5.9.3. Ninurta
Mythology
"Lugale."
Translation in Jacobsen, Harps,
pp. 233-72.
"Anzu." Translation
in Dalley, Myths, pp. 203-27.
Alster, B., "Ninurta
and the Turtle," JCS 24 (1972) 120-25.
Annus, A., The God
Ninurta in the Mythology and Royal Ideology of Ancient Mesopotamia, SAAS 14 (Helsinki, 2003).
Black, J.
A., "The Slain Heroes - Some Monsters of Ancient Mesopotamia," SMS
Bulletin 15 (1987?) 19-25.
Cooper, J.
S., The Return of Ninurta to Nippur
(Rome, 1978). Rev.: J. A. Black, AfO 27 (1980) 154-60; W. W. Hallo, JAOS 101 (1981) 253-57.
Dijk, J. J.
A. van, LUGAL UD ME-L‰M-bi NIR-G‰L: Le récit
épique et didactique des Travaux de Ninurta, du Déluge et de la
Nouvelle Création, 2 vols.
(Leiden,1983).
Geller, M., "Notes on
Lugale," BSOAS 48 (1985)
215-23.
Heimpel, W., “The
Lady of Girsu,” Jacobsen MV (Winona Lake, 2002), pp. 155-60.
Hrußka,
B., Der Mythenadler Anzu in Literatur und Vorstellung des alten Mesopotamien (Budapest, 1975).
Jacobsen,
T., "The Asakku in Lugal-e," in Sachs Mem. Vol. (Philadelphia, 1988), pp. 225-32.
Kramer, S.
N., "Ninurta's Pride and Punishment," Aula Orientalis 2 (1984) 231-37.
Lambert, W.
G., "The Ninurta Mythology in the Babylonian Epic of Creation," in Keilschriftliche
Literaturen (Berlin, 1986), pp.
55-60.
Moortgat-Correns,
U., "Ein Kultbild Ninurtas aus neuassyrischer Zeit," AfO 35 (1988) 117-35.
Moran, W. L., "Notes
on Anzu," AfO 35 (1988)
24-29.
Reiner, E., "News of
Victory," in Thwarts, pp.
61-67.
Saggs, H. W. F.,
"Additions to Anzu," AfO
33 (1986) 1-29.
Vogelsang,
M. E., "Kill Anzu!: On a Point of Literary Evolution," in Keilschriftliche
Literaturen (Berlin, 1986), pp.
61-70.
Wiggermann,
F. A. M., "On bin ßar dadme, the 'Anzu-myth,'" in Kraus AV (Leiden, 1982), pp. 418-25.
-----,
"Tißpak, His Seal, and the Dragon muß˙ußßu," in To the Euphrates and Beyond, ed. by O. M. Haex et al. (Rotterdam, 1989), pp.
117-33.
5.9.4 Mythology and
Theology of Death, Funerary Practices, Ancestor Worship
"The
Descent of Inanna to the Netherworld." Translation in Jacobsen, Harps, pp. 205-32.
"The
Descent of Ishtar to the Netherworld." Translation in Dalley, Myths, pp. 154-81.
"Nergal
and Ereshkigal." Translation in Dalley, Myths, pp. 163-81.
Alster, B.
(ed.), Death in Mesopotamia,
CRRA 26 (Copenhagen, 1980).
-----, "The Mythology
of Mourning," ASJ 5 (1983)
1-16.
-----,
“”Inanna Repenting: The Conclusion of Inanna’s
Descent,” ASJ 18 (1996)
1-18.
Artzi,P., “Ninurta
in the Mid-Second Millennium ‘West,’” Landwirtschaft im
Alten Orient, BBVO 18 (Berlin,
1999), pp. in Landwirtschaft im
Alten Orient, BBVO 18 (Berlin,
1999), pp. 361-67.
Bottéro, J.,
"Les inscriptions cunéiformes funéraires," in La
mort, les morts dans les sociétés anciennes, ed. by Gh. Gnolli and J.-P. Vernant (Cambridge,
1982), pp. 373-406.
Buccellati,
G., "The Descent of Inanna as a Ritual Journey to Kutha?," Syro-Mesopotamian
Studies 4/3 (1982) 53-57.
Cassin, E.,
"Le mort: valeur et représentation en Mesopotamie ancienne,"
in La mort, les morts dans les
sociétés anciennes, ed.
by Gh. Gnolli and J.-P. Vernant (Cambridge, 1982), pp. 355-72.
Cooper, J.
S., "The Fate of Mankind: Death and Afterlife in Ancient
Mesopotamia," in Death and Afterlife: Perspectives of World Religions, ed. by H. Obayashi (New York), pp. 19-33.
George, A.
R., "Observations on a Passage of 'Inanna's Descent,'" JCS 37 (1985) 109-13.
Hallo, W.
W., "Royal Ancestor Worship in the Biblical World," in Talmon AV, ed. by M. Fishbane et al. (Winona Lake, IN, 1992),
pp. 381-401.
-----,
"Disturbing the Dead," in Minhah le-Nahum: Biblical and Other
Studies Presented to Nahum M. Sarna in Honour of his 70th Birthday, ed. by M. Brettler and M. Fishbane, Journal for
the Study of the Old Testament, Supplement Series 154 (1993) 183-92.
Heidel, A.,
The Gilgamesh Epic and Old Testament Parallels, 2nd ed. (Chicago, 1949), pp. 137-223.
Hutter, M.,
Altorientalische Vorstellungen von der Unterwelt: Literar- und
Religionsgeschichtliche Überlegungen zu 'Nergal und Ereßkigal'" (Freiburg Schweiz, 1985).
Izre'el,
Sh., "New Readings in the Amarna Versions of Adapa and Nergal and
Ereßkigal," in Kutscher Mem. Vol. (Tel Aviv, 1993), pp. 51-67.
-----, The
Amarna Scholarly Tradition,
Cuneiform Monographs 9 (Groningen, 1997), pp. 51-61 (Nergal and
Ereßkigal).
Jacobsen,
Th., and B. Alster, “Ningißzida’s Boat-Ride to Hades,” Lambert
AV (Winona Lake, 2000), pp. 315-44.
Kramer, S.
N., "The Death of Ur-Nammu and His Descent to the Netherworld," JCS
21 (1967) 104-22.
-----,
"Sumerian Literature and the British Museum: The Promise of the
Future," PAPS 124 (1980)
295-312.
-----,
"The Death of Ur-Nammu," in Bulletin of the Middle Eastern Culture
Center in Japan 5 (Wiesbaden,
1991), pp. 193-214.
Lambert, W.
G., "The Theology of Death," in Death in Mesopotamia (Copenhagen, 1980), pp. 53-66.
-----,
"A New Babylonian Descent to the Netherworld," in Moran AV (Atlanta, 1990), pp. 271-300.
P. Pisi,
“L’’ascensione’ di Íulgi,” Studi e
materiali di storia delle religioni
62 (1996) 401-35.
Pollock,
Susan, "Of Priestesses, Princes and Poor Relations: The Dead in the Royal
Cemetery of Ur," Cambridge Archaeological Journal 1 (1991) 171-89.
Reiner, E.,
"Two Poems about the Nether World," in Thwarts, pp. 29-49.
Schmidt, B.
B., "The Gods and the Dead of the Domestic Cult at Emar: A
Reassessment," in Emar: The History, Religion, and Culture of a Syrian
Town in the Late Bronze Age, ed. by
M. W. Chavalas (Bethesda, 1996), pp. 141-63.
Shaffer,
A., Sumerian Sources of Tablet XII of the Epic of Gilgameß (Univ. of Pennsylvania, 1963).
Sigrist,
M., "Le deuil pour Íu-Sin," in Sjöberg AV (Philadelphia, 1989), pp. 499-505.
Sladek, W.
R., Inanna's Descent to the Netherworld (Johns Hopkins Univ. Diss., 1974).
Tsukimoto,
A., Untersuchungen zur Totenpflege (kispum) im Alten Mesopotamien, AOAT 216 (Neukirchen-Vluyn, 1985).
Wilcke, C.,
"Eine Schicksalentscheidung fur den toten Urnammu," in CRRA 17, ed. by A. Finet (Ham-Sur-Heure), pp. 81-92.
-----,
"König Íulgis Himmelfahrt," Münchner Beitrage zur
Volkerkunde 1 (1988) 245-55.
5.9.5. Dumuzi Mythology
Various Dumuzi texts,
translated in Jacobsen, Harps,
pp. 1-84.
Alster, B.,
Dumuzi's Dream: Aspects of Oral Poetry in a Sumerian Myth (Copenhagen, 1972).
-----, "A New Source
for 'Dumuzi's Dream,'" RA 69
(1975) 97-108.
-----, "A Dumuzi
Lament in Late Copies," ASJ 7
(1985) 1-9.
-----,
"Geßtinanna as Singer and the Chorus of Uruk and Zabalam: UET 6/1
22," JCS 37 (1985) 219-28.
Civil, M.,
"Feeding Dumuzi's Sheep: The Lexicon as a Source of Literary
Inspiration," in Reiner AV
(New Haven, 1987), pp. 37-55.
Foxvog, D.
A., "Astral Dumuzi," in Hallo AV (Bethesda, 1993), pp. 103-08.
Gurney, O.
R., "Tammuz Reconsidered: Some Recent Developments," JSS 7 (1962) 147-60.
Jacobsen, T., "Lad in
the Desert," JAOS 103
(1983) 193-200.
-----,
"The Name Dumuzi," The Jewish Quaterly Review 76/1 (1985) 41-45.
Kramer, S.
N., "The Death of Dumuzi: A New Sumerian Version," AnSt 30 (1980) 5-13.
-----, "A New Dumuzi
Myth," RA 84 (1990) 143-49.
Lambert, W.
G., "A Neo-Babylonian Tammuz Lament," JAOS 103 (1983) 211-15.
5.9.6. Enlil Mythology
Behrens, H.
Enlil und Ninlil: Ein sumerischer Mythos aus Nippur (Rome, 1978). Rev.: S. J. Cooper, JCS 32 (1980) 175-88. Translation in Cooper, ibid., and
Jacobsen, Harps, pp. 167-80.
Civil, M., "Enlil and
Namzitarra," AfO 25
(1974-77) 65-71.
-----,
"Enlil and Ninlil: The Marriage of Sud," JAOS 103 (1983) 43-66.
Lambert, W.
G., "A New Interpretation of Enlil and Namzitarra," Or. NS 58 (1989) 508-09.
Maul, S.
T., “Marduk, Nabû und der assyrische Enlil: Die Geschichte eines
sumerischen Íu®ilas,” in Borger AV, Cuneiform Monographs 10 (Groningen, 1998), pp.
159-97.
5.9.7. Theogonies,
Cosmogonies, Cosmic Geography
"Theogony of
Dunnum." Translation in Dalley, Myths, pp. 278-84.
"The
Story of Creation." Translation in Dalley, Myths, pp. 228-77.
M.
Dietrich, "ina ™um™i ullûti 'An jenen (fernen) Tagen:
Ein sumerisches kosmogonisches Mythologem in babylonischer Tradition," in Röllig
Festschrift, AOAT 247
(Neukirchen-Vluyn, 1997), pp. 57-72.
Dijk, J. J.
A. van, "Le motif cosmique dans la pensée sumérienne," Acta
Orientalia 28 (1964) 1-59.
-----,
"Existe-t-il un 'Poème de la Création'
Sumérien?," in Kramer AV (Neukirchen-Vluyn, 1976), pp. 125-33.
Durand,
J.-M., "Le mythologème du combat entre le dieu de l'Orage et la Mer
en Mésopotamie," MARI
7 (1993) 41-61.
Goldfless,
S. K., Babylonian Theogonies: Divine Origins in Ancient Mesopotamian
Religion and Literature (Harvard
Univ. Diss., 1980).
Heimpel,
W., "The Sun at Night and the Doors of Heaven in Babylonian Texts,"
JCS 38 (1986) 127-51.
-----,
"The Babylonian Background of the Term 'Milky Way,'" in Sjoberg AV (Philadelphia, 1989), pp. 249-52.
Horowitz,
W., Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography,
Mesopotamian Civilizations 8 (Winona Lake, IN, 1998).
Hunger, H.,
"Kosmologie," RLA 6
(1980) 222-23.
Jacobsen, T., The Harab
Myth, SANE 2/3 (Malibu, CA, 1984).
Lambert, W.
G., "A New Look at the Babylonian Background of Genesis," Journal
of Theological Studies NS 16 (1965)
287-300.
-----,
"The Cosmology of Sumer and Babylon," in Ancient Cosmologies, ed. by C. Blacker and M. Loewe (1975), pp. 42-64.
-----, and
P. Walcot, "A New Babylonian Theogony and Hesiod," Kadmos 4 (1965) 64-72.
-----,
"Kosmogonie," RLA 6
(1980) 218-22.
-----, "The Assyrian Recension of
En™uma Eliß," in Assyrien im Wandel der Zeiten, ed. by H. Waetzoldt and H. Hauptmann (Heidelberg,
1997), pp. 77-79.
Michalowski,
P., "Presence at the Creation," in Moran AV, ed. by T. Abusch et al. (Atlanta, 1990), pp.
381-96.
Vanstiphout,
H. I. J., "Enuma Elish as a Systematic Creed: An Essay," OLP 23 (1992) 37-61.
Wiggermann,
F. A. M., "Mythological Foundations of Nature," in Natural
Phenomena (Amsterdam, 1992), pp.
279-306.
5.9.8.
"Etana"
Translation in Dalley, Myths, pp. 189-202.
Kinnier Wilson, J. V., The
Legend of Etana (Warminster, 1985).
Horowitz,
W., "Two Notes on Etana's Flight to Heaven," Or. NS 59 (1990) 511-17.
G. J. Selz,
“Die Etana-Erzählung: Ursprung und Tradition eines ältesten
epischen Texte in einer Semitischen Sprache,” ASJ 20 (1998) 135-79.
Steinkeller,
P., "Early Semitic Literature" (see under 5.9.1.).
5.9.9.
"Adapa"
Translation in Dalley, Myths, pp. 182-88.
Izre'el, Sh., "New
Readings" (see under 5.9.4.).
-----, The Amarna
Scholarly Tradition, Cuneiform
Monographs 9 (Groningen, 1997), pp.43-50.
Michalowski,
P., "Adapa and the Ritual Process," Rocznik Orientalistyczny 41/2 (1980) 77-82.
Picchioni, S. A., Il
poemetto di Adapa (Budapest, 1981).
5.9.10. "Erra and
Ishum"
Translation in Dalley, Myths, pp. 282-315.
Al-Rawi, F.
N. H. and J. A. Black, "The Second Tablet of 'Ißum and Erra,'" Iraq
51 (1989) 111-22.
Cagni, L., The Poem of
Erra, SANE 1/3 (Malibu, CA, 1977).
Machinist,
P., "Rest and Violence in the Poem of Erra," JAOS 103 (1983) 221-26.
5.9.11.
Mythology in General
W. Heimpel,
“Mythologie,” RLA 8/7-8
(1997) 537-64.
6.
Prehistoric Religion
Magid, G.
R., "Origins of Kingship: Representations of the Ruler in Protoliterate
Art" (unpubl. ms).
Moortgat-Correns,
U., "Die Rosette - ein Schriftzeichen? Die Geburt des Sterns aus dem
Geiste der Rosette," AOF 21
(1994) 359-71.
Oates, J.,
"Religion and Prehistory in Sixth Millennium B.C. Mesopotamia," World
Archaeology 10/2 (1978) 117-24.
Schmandt-Besserat,
D., "Images of Enship," in Between Rivers and over the Mountains:
Archaeologica anatolica et mesopotamica Alba Palmieri dedicata, ed. by M. Frangipane et al. (Rome, 1993), pp.
201-19.
Schmidt,
K., “Früneolitische Tempel: Ein Forschungsbericht zum
präkeramischen Neolitikum Obermesopotamiens,” MDOG 130 (1998) 17-49.
Steinkeller,
P., "On Rulers, Priests and Sacred Marriage: Tracing the Evolution of
Early Sumerian Kingship," in Priests and Officials in the Ancient Near
East: Papers of the Second Colloquium on the Ancient Near East - The City and
its Life, ed. by K. Watanabe (Heidelberg, 1999), pp. 103-37.
-----, "Inanna's
Archaic Symbol," in Written on Clay and Stone: Studies Krystyna
Szarzynska, ed.
by J. Braun et al. (Warsaw, 1998), pp. 87-100.
-----, “Archaic
City Seals and the Question of Early Babylonian Unity,” in Jacobsen MV
(Winona Lake , 2002), pp. 249-57.
-----, “More on
Archaic City Seals,” NABU
2000:30.
Szarzynska, K.,
"Some of the Oldest Cult Symbols in Archaic Uruk," JEOL 30 (1987-88) 3-21.
-----,
"Names of Temples in the Archaic Texts from Uruk," ASJ 14
(1992) 269-87.
-----,
"Offerings for the Goddess Inana in Archaic Uruk," RA 87 (1993) 7-26.
-----,
"Archaic Sumerian Standards," JCS 48 (1996) (in press).
Van Buren,
E. Douglas, "Religious Rites and Ritual in the Time of Uruk IV-III," AfO 13 (1939-41) 32-45.
7. Temples, Divine
Images and Symbols, Priesthood
Le temple et le culte, CRRA 20 (Leiden, 1970).
Charpin,
D., Le clergé d'Ur au siècle d'Hammurabi (XIXe-XVIIIe
siècles av. J.-C.) (Geneva,
1986).
Dick, M.
B., ed., Born in Heaven, Made on Earth: The Making of the Cult Image in the
Ancient Near East (Winona Lake, IN,
1999) - Israel, Mesopotamia, Egypt, and South India.
Dunham, S., "Sumerian
Words for Foundation," RA
80 (1986) 31-64.
Edzard, D.
O., "Die Einrichtung eines Tempels im älteren Babylonien: Philologische
Aspekte," in Le temple et le culte (Leiden, 1975), pp. 156-63.
-----,
“The Names of Sumerian Temples,” in Sumerian Gods and their
Representations, ed. by I. L.
Finkel and M. J. Geller (Groningen), pp. 159-65.
Ellis, R.
S., Foundation Deposits in Ancient Mesopotamia (New Haven, 1968).
Hallo, W.
W., "Cult Statue and Divine Image: A Preliminary Study," in Scripture
in Context II, ed. by W. W. Hallo
et al. (Winona Lake, IN, 1983), pp. 1-17.
-----,
"Texts, Statues and the Cult of Divine King," Supplements to Vetus
Testamentum 40 (1990) 54-66.
Hill, H.
D., and T. Jacobsen and P. Delougaz, Old Babylonian Public Buildings in the
Diyala Region, OIP 98 (Chicago,
1990) - Jacobsen's disc. of the Kititum temple.
Hrußka,
B., æ"Zum 'Heiligen
Hügel' in der altmesopotamischen Religion," in Hirsch AV, WZKM 86 (1996) 161-75.
Jacobsen,
T. "The Graven Image," in Ancient Israelite Religion, ed. by P. D. Miller Jr. et al. (Philadelphia,
1987), pp. 15-32.
-----,
"God or Worshipper," in Essays in Ancient Civilization Presented
to Helen J. Kantor, ed. by A.
Leonard, Jr., and B. B. Williams, SAOC 43 (Chicago, 1989), pp. 125-30.
-----,
"The Mesopotamian Temple Plan and the Kititum Temple," Erez-Israel
20 (1989) 79-91.
-----, "Notes on
Ekur," Erez-Israel 21
(1990) 40-47.
Leemans, W. F., Ishtar
of Lagaba and Her Dress, SBL 1/1
(Leiden, 1952).
Matsushima, E.,
"Divine Statues in Ancient Mesopotamia: Their Fashioning and Clothing and
their Interaction with the Society," in Official Cult and Popular
Religion in the Ancient Near East,
ed. by E. Matsushima (Heidelberg, 1993), pp. 209-19.
Menzel, B., Assyrische
Tempel. 2 vols. (Rome, 1981).
Pongratz-Leisten, B., K.
Deller, and E. Bleibtreu, "Götterstreitwagen und
Götterstandarten: Götter auf dem Feldzug und ihr Kult im
Feldlager," Baghdader Mitteilungen 23 (1992) 291-356.
Porter, B. N., "Gods'
Statues as a Tool of Assyrian Political Policy: Esarhaddon's Return of Marduk
to Babylon," in Religious Transformations and Socio-Political Change, ed. by L. Martin, Religion and Society 33 (Berlin,
1993), pp. 9-24.
Renger, J.,
"Untersuchungen zum Priestertum in der altbabylonischen Zeit," ZA 58 (1967) 110-88; 59 (1968) 104-230.
-----,
Örtliche und zeitliche Differenzen in der Struktur der Priesterschaft
babylonischer Tempel," in Le temple et le culte (Leiden, 1975), pp. 108-15.
Sauren, H.,
"Die Einweihung des Eninnu," in Le temple et le culte (Leiden, 1975), pp. 95-103.
Selz, G.
J., "'The Holy Drum, the Spear, and the Harp': Towards an Understanding of
the Problem of Deification in Third Millennium Mesopotamia," in Sumerian
Gods and their Representations
(Groningen, 1997), pp. 167-213.
Soden, W.
von, "Terminologie lexicale," in Le culte et le culte (Leiden, 1975), pp. 133-43.
Spaey, J.,
"Emblems in Rituals in the Old Babylonian Period," in Ritual and
Sacrifice (Leuven, 1993), pp.
411-420.
Spycket,
A., Les statues de culte dans les textes mésopotamiens des origines a
la Ie dynastie de Babylone (Paris,
1968).
-----, La
statuaire du proche-orient ancien
(Leiden, 1981). Rev. I. J. Winter, JCS 36 (1984) 102-14.
Suter, C.
E., Gudea’s Temple Building: The Representation of an Early
Mesopotamian Ruler in Text and Image,
Cuneiform Monographs 17 (Groiningen, 2000).
Szarzynska,
K., "Cult Symbols" (see under 6.).
-----,
"Archaic Sumerian Standards" (see under 6.).
Van Buren,
E. D., Symbols of the Gods in Mesopotamian Art, AnOr 23 (Rome, 1945).
Walker Ch.,
and M. B. Dick, “The Induction of the Cult Image in Ancient
Mesopotamia,” in Born in Heaven, Made on Earth, ed. by M. B. Dick (Winona Lake, 1999), pp.
Westenholz,
J. G., "Enheduanna, En-Priestess, Hen of Nanna, Spouse of Nanna," in Sjoberg
AV (Philadelphia, 1989), pp.
539-56.
-----,
"The Clergy of Nippur: The Priestess of Enlil," in Nippur at the
Centennial (Philadelphia, 1992),
pp. 297-310.
Winter, I.
J., "Women in Public: The Disk of Enheduanna, the Beginning of the Office
of EN-Priestess, and the Weight of Visual Evidence," in La Femme dans
le Proche-Orient Antique (Paris,
1987), pp. 189-201.
-----,
"'Idols of the King': Royal Images as Recipients of Ritual Action in
Ancient Mesopotamia," Journal of Ritual Studies 6/1 (1992) 13-42.
Zettler, R.
L., The Ur III Temple of Inanna at Nippur: The Operation and Organization of
Urban Religious Institutions in Mesopotamia in the Late Third Millennium B.C., Berliner Beiträge zum Vorderen Orient 11
(Berlin, 1992).
8. Rituals and
Festivals
8.1. General
Ritual and Sacrifice in
the Ancient Near East, ed. by J.
Quaegebeur, Orientalia Louvaniensia Analecta 55 (Leuven, 1993).
Hallo, W.
W., "The Origins of the Sacrificial Cult: New Evidence from Mesopotamia
and Israel," in Ancient Israelite Religion, ed. by P. D. Miller et al. (Philadelphia, 1987),
pp. 3-13.
Lambert, W.
G., "Myth and Ritual as Conceived by the Babylonians," JSS 13 (1968) 104-12.
Lambert, W.
G., "Donations of Food and Drink to the Gods in Ancient Mesopotamia,"
in Ritual and Sacrifice (Leuven,
1994), pp. 191-201.
Leichty,
E., "Ritual, 'Sacrifice,' and Divination in Mesopotamia," in Ritual
and Sacrifice (Leuven, 1993), pp.
237-42.
Livingstone,
A., Mystical and Mythological Explanatory Works of Assyrian and Babylonian
Scholars (Oxford, 1986).
Sallberger,
W., Der kultische Kalender der Ur III-Zeit. 2 vols. (Berlin, 1993).
Talon, Ph.,
"Le rituel comme moyen de légitimation politique au 1er
millénaire en Mésopotamie," in Ritual and Sacrifice (Leuven, 1993), pp. 421-33.
Wilson, E.
J., "Holiness" and "Purity" in Mesopotamia, AOAT 241 (Neukirchen-Vluyn, 1995).
8.2. New Year Festival
Black, J.
A., "The New Year Ceremonies in Ancient Babylon: 'Taking Bel by the Hand'
and a Cultic Picnic," Religion
11 (1981) 39-59.
Frymer-Kensky,
T., "The Tribulations of Marduk: The So-called 'Marduk Ordeal Text,'"
JAOS 103 (1983) 131-41.
Jacobsen,
T., "Religious Drama in Ancient Mesopotamia," in Unity and Diversity:
Essays in the History, Literature and Religion of the Ancient Near East, ed. by H. Goedicke and J. J. M. Roberts
(Baltimore, 1975), pp. 65-97.
Pallis, S.
A., The Babylonian Akitu Festival
(Copenhagen, 1926).
Pongratz-Leisten, B., Ina
Íulmi ™Irub: Die kulttopographische und ideologische Programmatik
der ak™itu-Prozession in
Babylonien und Assyrien im 1. Jahrtausend v. Chr., Baghdader Forschungen 16 (Mainz, 1994). Rev.: A.
R. George, "Studies in Cultic Topography and Ideology," BiOr 53 (1996) 363-95.
-----,
“Neujahr(sfest), nach akkadischen Quellen,” RLA 9/3-4 (1999), pp. 294-98.
W. Sallaberger,
“Neujahr(sfest), nach sumerischen Quellen,” RLA 9/3-4 (1999), pp. 291-94.
8.3. Sacred Marriage
Cooper, J. S.,
"Sacred Marriage and Popular Cult in Early Mesopotamia," in Official
Cult and Popular Religion in the Ancient Near East, ed. by E. Matsushima (Heidelberg, 1993), pp.
81-96.
Frayne, D.
R., "Notes on The Sacred Marriage Rite," BiOr 42 (1985) 5-22.
Kramer, S.
N., The Sacred Marriage Rite (Bloomington,
1969) = Le mariage sacre a Sumer et Babylone, traduit et adapte par J. Bottéro (Paris,
1983).
Matsushima,
E., ""Le lit de Íamaß et le rituel de mariage a
l'Ebabbar," ASJ 7 (1985)
37.
-----,
"Une documentation accadienne du rituel du mariage divin," Receuil
de travaux de l'U.A. 1072, CNRS
(France) (1985) 92-113.
-----,
"Le rituel hierogamique de Nabû," ASJ 9 (1987) 131-75.
-----,
"Les rituels du mariage divin dans les documents accadiens," ASJ 10 (1988) 95-128.
Renger, J.,
"Heilige Hochzeit," RLA 4,
pp. 251-59.
Steinkeller,
P. "On Rulers, Priests and Sacred Marriage" (see under (6)).
8.4. Divine Journeys
and Processions
Ferrara, A. J., Nanna-Suen's
Journey to Nippur (Rome, 1973).
Pongratz-Leisten, B., Ina
Íulmi ™Irub (see under
8.2.).
Sauren, H.,
"Besuchsfahrten der Götter in Sumer," Or. NS 38 (1969) 214-36.
Sjöberg, A. W.,
"Götterreisen," RLA
3 (1969) 480-83.
8.5. Installation of
the en-Priest(ess)
Fleming, D.
E., The Installation of Baal's High Priestess at Emar, HSS 42 (Atlanta, 1992).
E. Reiner,
"Nabonidus and the Concern with the Past," in Thwarts, pp. 1-16 (The installation of Enanedu).
8.6.
Various Rituals, Sacrifices, and Festivals
Finet, A.,
"Le sacrifice se l'âne en Mésopotamie," in Ritual and
Sacrifice (Leuven, 1993), pp.
135-42.
Foxvog, D.
A., "A Manual of Sacrificial Precedure," in Sjoberg AV (Philadelphia, 1989), pp. 167-76.
Limet, H.,
"Le sacrifice siskur,"
in Ritual and Sacrifice (Leuven,
1993), pp. 243-55.
Sigrist, R.
M., Les sattukku dans l'Eßumeßa durant la periode d'Isin et
Larsa, Bibliotheca Mesopotamica 11
(Malibu, CA, 1984).
Tanret, M.,
and K. van Lerberghe," "Rituals and Profits in the Ur-Utu
Archive," in Ritual and Sacrifice (Leuven, 1993), pp. 435-49.
Thureau-Dangin,
F., Rituels accadiens (Paris, 1921).
8.7.
Cultic Calendar
Cohen, M.
E., The Cultic Calendars of the Ancient Near East (Bethesda, 1993).
Sallaberger,
W., Kalender (see under 8.1.).
9. Deification of Kings
Hallo, W.
W., "The Birth of Kings," in Love and Death in the Ancient Near
East, ed. by J. H. Marks and R. M.
Good, pp. 45-52.
-----,
"Texts, Statues and the Cult of the Divine King," Supplements to
Vetus Testamentum 40 (1990) 54-66.
-----,
"The Death of Kings: Traditional Historiography in Contextual
Perspective," in Ah, Assyria …, ed. by M. Cogan and I. EphÂal (Jerusalem, 1991), pp. 148-65.
Klein, J.,
"The Birth of a Crownprince in the Temple: A Neo-Sumerian Literary
Topos," La Femme dans le Proche-Orient Antique (Paris, 1987), pp. 97-106.
-----,
"The Coronation and Consecration of Íulgi in the Ekur (Íulgi
G)," in Ah, Assyria ...,
(Jerusalem, 1991), pp. 292-313.
10. Personal God,
Private Religion
Albertz,
R., Persönliche Frömmigkeit und offizielle Religion:
Religionsinterner Pluralismus in Israel und Babylon (Stuttgart, 1978).
Di Vito, R.
A., Studies (see under 5.1.).
Edzard, D.
O., "Private Frömmigkeit in Sumer," in Official Cult and
Popular Religion in the Ancient Near East, ed. by E. Matsushima (Heidelberg, 1993), pp. 195-208.
J. Klein,
"'Personal God' and Individual Prayer in Sumerian Religion," AfO
Beiheft 19 (1982) 295-302.
Vorlander,
H., Mein Gott: Die Vorstellungen vom persönlichen Gott im Alten Orient
und im Alten Testament, AOAT 23 (Neukirchen-Vluyn, 1975).
11. Problem of
Sufferring
Buccellati,
G, "La teodicea: Condanna dell'abulia politica," OA 11 (1983) 255ff.
-----,
"Wisdom or Not: The Case of Mesopotamia," JAOS 101 (1981) 35ff.
Lambert, W.
G., Babylonian Wisdom
Literature (Oxford, 1960), pp.
21-62 ("Ludlul bel nemeqi"), 63-91 ("Babylonian Theodicy").
-----,
"A Further Attempt at the Babylonian 'Man and His God," in Reiner
AV (New Haven, 1987), pp. 187-202.
Moran, W.
L., "Notes on the Hymn to Marduk in Ludlul bel nemeqi," JAOS 103 (1983) 255-60.
Reiner, E.,
"'This Year Into the Next ...': The Second Tablet of Ludlul bel nemeqi - Intricate Texture of a Learned Poem," in Thwarts, pp. 101-18.
Wiseman,
J., "A New Text of the Babylonian Poem of the Righteous Sufferer," AnSt 30 (1980) 102-07.
12. Magic
See Steinkeller's
bibliography to Sumerian and Akkadian Incantations and Magical Texts.
Reiner, E.,
"La magie babylonienne: Le monde du sorcier," Sources orientales 7 (Paris, 1966), pp.
69-98.
-----, Astral
Magic in Babylonia, Transactions of
the American Philosophical Society 85/4 (Philadelphia, 1995).
Ritter, E.,
"Magical-Expert (= Aßipu)
and Physician (= Asu)," AS 16 (Chicago, 1965), pp. 299-322.
13. Divination
See
Steinkeller's bibliography to Babylonian Divination and Prophecy.
La
divination en Mésopotamie ancienne et dans les régions voisines, CRRA 14 (Paris, 1966).
Bottéro,
J., "Symptômes, signes, écritures en Mésopotamie
ancienne," in Divination et rationalité, ed. by J.-P. Vernant et al. (Paris, 1974), pp.
70-197.
Koch-Westenholz,
U., Mesopotamian Astrology: An Introduction to Babylonian and Assyrian
Celestial Divination (Copenhagen,
1994).
Maul, S.
M., Zukunftbewältigung: Eine Untersuchung altorientalischen Denkens
anhand der babylonisch-assyrischen Löserituale (Namburbi), Baghdader Forschungen 18 (Mainz am Rhein, 1994).
Rev.: "On Interpreting Mesopotamian Namburbi Rituals," AfO 42/43 (1995/96) 145-54.
Oppenheim,
A. L., "The Arts of the Diviner," in Ancient Mesopotamia, pp. 206-27.
14.
Other Old-World Religions and Mythologies
Assmann,
J., The Search for God in Ancient Egypt (Ithaca, 2001).
Burkert,
W., Structure and History in Greek Mythology and Ritual (Berkeley, 1979).
-----, Greek
Religion (Cambridge, MA, 1985).
-----,
"Oriental and Greek Mythology: The Meeting of Parallels," in Interpretations
of Greek Mythology, ed. by J.
Bremmer (Totowa, NJ, 1986), pp. 10-40.
-----, The
Orientalizing Revolution: Near Eastern Influence on Greek Culture in the Early
Archaic Age (Cambridge, MA, 1992).
Carpenter,
T. H., Art and Myth in Ancient Greece (London, 1991).
Dowden, K.,
The Uses of Greek Mythology
(London, 1992).
Ganz, T., Early
Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources (Baltimore, 1993).
Hoffner, H.
A. Jr., Hittite Myths (Atlanta,
1990).
Hornung,
E., Conceptions of God in Ancient Egypt: The One and Many (Ithaca, 1982).
Kirk, G.
S., Myth: Its Meaning and Functions in Ancient and Other Cultures (Berkeley, 1970).
-----, The
Nature of Greek Myths (Harmondsworth, 1974).
Martin, L.
H., Hellenistic Religions: An Introduction (Oxford, 1987).
Penglase,
Ch., Greek Myths and Mesopotamia: Parallels and Influence in the Homeric
Hymns and Hesiod (London, 1994).
Rev.: W. G. Lambert, JAOS 116
(1996) 768-71.
Puhvel, J.,
Comparative Mythology (Baltimore,
1987).
Shafer, B.
E., ed., Religion in Ancient Egypt: Gods, Myths, and Personal Practice (Ithaca, 1991).
Vernant,
J.-P., "The Society of the Gods," in idem, Myth and Society in
Ancient Greece (London, 1980), pp.
92-109.
-----, Figures,
idoles, masques (Paris, 1990).
-----,
"The Birth of Images," in idem, Mortals and Immortals: Collected
Essays, ed. by F. I. Zeitlin
(Princeton, 1991).
Zaidman, L.
B., and P. S. Pantel, Religion in the Ancient Greek City (Cambridge, 1992).
ANE 102. Introduction to Mesopotamian Religion
Piotr Steinkeller, Spring 2003
Required Reading
Black, J., and A. Green, Gods, Demons and Symbols
of Ancient Mesopotamia (Austin,
1992).
Dalley, S., Myths from Mesopotamia (Oxford, 1989).
Jacobsen, T., The Treasures of Darkness: A
History of Mesopotamian Religion
(New Haven, 1976).
-----, The Harps that Once....: Sumerian Poetry
in Translation (New Haven, 1987).
Oppenheim, A. L., Ancient Mesopotamia: Portrait
of a Dead Civilization, rev. ed. by
E. Reiner (Chicago, 1977).
Recommended Reading
Bottéro, J., Religion in Ancient
Mesopotamia (Chicago, 2001).
Oates, J., Babylon, rev. ed. (London, 1986).
Roux, Ancient Iraq, 3rd ed. (Harmondsworth, 1992).